Do tongue-press exercises improve swallow function? Smaoui et al. performed a systematic review of the effects of lingual resistance training on swallowing and found mixed results. For example, one study found improvement in swallow safety but worse pharyngeal residue, while another found improved pharyngeal residue but no change in swallow safety. Overall, six of the seven studies found at least one positive impact of lingual resistance training on swallow function. Check out Table 7 in the open access article for the summarized results of each study.